Understand your eyes.
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What is a cataract? Why can glaucoma be hard to notice? How do dry eye, eyelid oil glands, and Demodex differ? Start with a question, then explore a clear, practical guide.
Browse the guidesSudden vision loss, new flashes or floaters, a curtain or shadow, or severe eye pain needs immediate medical assessment. Don’t wait for an appointment request. Read about urgent warning signs. Call 911 for a medical emergency.
A guide for your questions.
Symptoms. Diagnosis. Treatment options.
And the questions worth asking next.
Showing all 14 guides
Cataracts
Trouble with headlights or night driving? Learn how a cloudy lens can affect glare, color, and everyday vision.
Read the guideGlaucoma
Learn why glaucoma can go unnoticed, what the tests measure, and how drops, laser, and procedures help protect sight.
Read the guideUnderstanding dry eye
Find out why eyes can feel dry, how the tear film is evaluated and how care is matched to the cause.
Read the guideCataract surgery and lens choices
Explore the main replacement-lens choices, the extra commitment of light adjustment, and the tradeoffs to discuss before surgery.
Read the guideVision correction options
Compare LASIK, EVO ICL, and refractive lens exchange, including candidacy, realistic benefits, and important risks.
Read the guideDemodex blepharitis and Xdemvy
Learn about an often-overlooked cause of eyelid irritation, the clues seen during an examination and the role of prescription treatment.
Read the guideMeibomian gland dysfunction
The eyelids help keep tears working well. Understanding their oil glands can explain why dryness keeps returning.
Read the guideIPL for MGD-associated dry eye
A guide to light-based treatment, who may benefit and the questions to discuss before deciding.
Read the guideDiabetic retinopathy and macular edema
Understand how diabetes affects the retina and why examinations remain important even when you can see clearly.
Read the guideMacular degeneration and geographic atrophy
Learn the differences between dry AMD, wet AMD, and geographic atrophy, and what current treatments aim to do.
Read the guideDrooping eyelids and eyelid surgery
Find out why excess skin and true eyelid drooping need different assessments and sometimes different treatments.
Read the guidePterygium and pinguecula
Learn about two common eye-surface growths, ways to reduce irritation, and when removal may be considered.
Read the guideEye exams and focusing problems
Learn what an eye examination checks and how common focusing problems can affect daily activities.
Read the guideFlashes, floaters, and retinal detachment
Understand floaters and flashes, with clear warning signs that require immediate eye care.
Read the guideAbout these guides: Prepared from the linked medical and prescribing references, checked October 13, 2026. Approved for publication by Dr. Nicholas Bottaro on October 13, 2026. These pages provide general education, not a diagnosis, treatment plan, or individual prescribing advice.
Learning is a beginning.
An examination connects the information to your own eyes, symptoms, and goals.